Shailaja Paik

About Shailaja's Work

Shailaja Paik is a historian of modern India exploring the intersection of caste, gender, and sexuality through the lives of Dalit (“Untouchable”) women. Paik provides new insight into the history of caste domination and traces the ways in which gender and sexuality are used to deny Dalit women dignity and personhood. Across her work, Paik centers Dalit perspectives. In addition to English, Marathi, and Hindi-language source materials, she is creating a new archive comprised of her interviews and fieldwork with contemporary Dalit women.

Paik’s first book, Dalit Women’s Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination (2014), details Dalit women’s struggles for education and agency in colonial and contemporary urban Maharashtra. Drawing on oral interviews with three generations of women, she shows that Dalit women were caught between two opposing forces. Anti-caste reformers and radicals pushed education as a means of caste liberation, but a society committed to patriarchal, Brahminical ideals offered limited education and employment opportunities for women. Paik expands upon the tensions between the state, anti-caste reformers, and Dalit women and their own agency in her most recent book, The Vulgarity of Caste: Dalits, Sexuality, and Humanity in Modern India (2022). In this project, Paik focuses on the lives of women performers of Tamasha, a popular form of bawdy folk theater that has been practiced predominantly by Dalits in Maharashtra for centuries. For many Dalit women, Tamasha is a tradition and livelihood passed down through several generations. Paik outlines how caste reinforces notions of sex and gender, such that Tamasha is viewed as a form of sexualized labor and Dalit Tamasha women are indelibly branded as ashlil, or vulgar. Despite the state’s efforts to reframe Tamasha as an honorable and quintessentially Marathi cultural practice, ashlil sticks to Dalit Tamasha women.

Paik also critiques the narrative of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the twentieth century’s most influential caste abolitionist. Ambedkar places responsibility on Dalit women to uplift themselves through the rejection of sexualized performance, even if doing so causes great hardship. Paik’s analysis of hitherto neglected Marathi historical documents and oral histories shows that, in spite of this double bind, Dalit Tamasha women strategically make use of public performance. They leverage Tamasha for economic ends, to resist patriarchal notions of ashlil, and to attain manuski (human dignity) on their own terms. Through her focus on the multifaceted experiences of Dalit women, Paik elucidates the enduring nature of caste discrimination and the forces that perpetuate untouchability.